Ngomhla we-20 ka-Epreli, i-Minmetals Resources Co., Ltd. (MMG) ibhengeze kwi-stock exchange yaseHong Kong ukuba imigodi yobhedu ye-lasbambas phantsi kwenkampani ayiyi kukwazi ukugcina imveliso ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi basekuhlaleni basePeru bangena kwindawo yemigodi ukuze baqhankqalaze.Ukususela ngoko, uqhanqalazo lwasekuhlaleni luye lwanda.Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, amapolisa asePeruvia axabana noluntu oluninzi emgodini, kwaye ukuveliswa kwemigodi yobhedu ye-lasbambas kunye ne-loschancas yobhedu ye-Southern Copper Company yanqunyanyiswa.

Nge-9 kaJuni, uluntu lwasePeru lwathi luzoluphakamisa uqhanqalazo oluchasene nomgodi wobhedu we-lasbambas, nto leyo eyanyanzela umgodi ukuba uyeke ukusebenza kangangeentsuku ezingama-50.Uluntu luzimisele ukuphumla ngomhla we-30 (Juni 15 - Julayi 15) ukwenza umjikelo omtsha weengxoxo.Uluntu lwale ndawo lucele lo mgodi ukuba unike abantu basekuhlaleni imisebenzi kwaye ulungelelanise abalawuli bomgodi.Umgodi uthe uzakuphinda uqalise eminye imisebenzi yasemgodini.Ngeli xesha, abasebenzi abangama-3000 ababekhe bayeka ukusebenza kwiikontraka ze-MMG ekulindeleke ukuba babuyele emsebenzini.

Ngo-Epreli, imveliso yemigodi yobhedu yasePeru yayiyi-170000 yeetoni, phantsi kwe-1.7% unyaka nonyaka kunye ne-6.6% ngenyanga ngenyanga.Kwiinyanga ezine zokuqala zalo nyaka, imveliso yomgodi wobhedu wasePeru yayiziitoni ezingama-724000, ukwanda konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-2.8%.Ngo-Epreli, imveliso ye-lasbambas ye-copper mine yehla kakhulu.Umgodi waseCuajone, ophethwe yiSouthern Copper yasePeru, wavalwa phantse iinyanga ezimbini ngenxa yoqhanqalazo lwasekuhlaleni.Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuAprili kulo nyaka, ukuveliswa kobhedu kumgodi we-lasbambas kunye nomgodi weCuajone kwehle malunga neetoni ezingama-50000.NgoMeyi, imigodi yobhedu engaphezulu iye yachatshazelwa luqhanqalazo.Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, uqhanqalazo oluchasene nemigodi yethusi kwiindawo zasePeruvia luye lwanciphisa ukuveliswa kweemigodi zobhedu ePeru ngaphezu kweetoni ze-100000.

Ngomhla wama-31 kuJanuwari ka-2022, iChile yamkele izindululo ezininzi.Esinye isiphakamiso sibiza ukuba kuzwelonke imigodi ye-lithium kunye nobhedu;Esinye isindululo kukunika ixesha elithile kwiminyinyiva yezemigodi ebivaliwe ekuqaleni, kwaye kunikwe iminyaka emihlanu njengethuba lotshintsho.Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, urhulumente waseChile uqalise inkqubo yezohlwayo ngokuchasene nomgodi wobhedu we-lospelambres.Igunya lolawulo lokusingqongileyo eChile lenze izityholo malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kunye neziphene zenkampani yeTailings pool kaxakeka kunye neziphene zengozi kunye nesivumelwano sonxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo.I-arhente yokulawula indalo yaseChile yathi ityala laqalwa ngenxa yezikhalazo zabemi.

Ukuqwalasela kwisiphumo sangempela semigodi yobhedu eChile kulo nyaka, ukuveliswa kweemigodi zethusi eChile kuye kwancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokuhla kwebakala lobhedu kunye notyalo-mali olwaneleyo.Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuAprili kulo nyaka, imveliso yomgodi wobhedu waseChile yayiziitoni ze-1.714 yezigidi, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka nge-7.6%, kwaye imveliso yehle nge-150000 yeetoni.Izinga lokuhla kwemveliso lithande ukukhawulezisa.IKomishoni yobhedu kazwelonke yaseChile yathi ukuhla kwemveliso yobhedu kubangelwa ukuhla komgangatho we-ore kunye nokunqongophala kwemithombo yamanzi.

Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho lokuphazamiseka kwemveliso yemigodi yobhedu

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa ixabiso lobhedu likuluhlu oluphezulu, inani lemigodi yobhedu kunye nezinye iziganeko ziya kwanda.Abavelisi bobhedu baya kukhuphisana ngexabiso eliphantsi xa amaxabiso obhedu ezinzile okanye xa i-electrolytic copper ikwi-surplus.Nangona kunjalo, xa imarike ikwimarike yomthengisi oqhelekileyo, unikezelo lobhedu lunqongophele kwaye unikezelo lukhula ngokungqongqo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba umthamo wokuvelisa ubhedu usetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye amandla okuvelisa umda aqalisile ukuba nefuthe kwimveliso yobhedu. ixabiso lobhedu.

Ikamva lehlabathi kunye nemarike yendawo yobhedu ithathwa njengemarike egqibeleleyo ekhuphisanayo, ehambelana ngokusisiseko nengqikelelo egqibeleleyo yokhuphiswano lwentengiso kwithiyori yesiqhelo yoqoqosho.Imarike ibandakanya inani elikhulu labathengi kunye nabathengisi, imveliso eyomeleleyo ye-homogeneity, i-liquidity yezibonelelo, ulwazi olupheleleyo kunye nezinye iimpawu.Kwinqanaba xa unikezelo lobhedu lunqongophele kwaye imveliso kunye nothutho luqala ukugxila, izinto ezikhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemonopoly kunye nokufunwa kwerenti kubonakala kufutshane nekhonkco elinyukayo lekhonkco loshishino lobhedu.EPeru naseChile, amazwe aphambili obutyebi bobhedu, imibutho yabasebenzi yasekuhlaleni kunye namaqela oluntu aya kuba nenkuthazo eyongezelelekileyo yokomeleza isikhundla sawo sobuxhakaxhaka ngokwenza imisebenzi yokufuna irente ukuze kufuneke ingeniso engenamveliso.

Umenzi we-monopoly unokugcina isikhundla somthengisi oyedwa kwimarike yakhe, kwaye amanye amashishini akakwazi ukungena kwimarike kwaye akhuphisane nayo.Imveliso yemigodi yobhedu nayo inalo olu phawu.Kwintsimi yeemayini zethusi, i-monopoly ayibonakali kuphela kwiindleko ezizinzileyo eziphezulu, okwenza kube nzima kubatyalo-mali abatsha ukuba bangene;Kukwabonakaliswa kwinto yokuba ukuhlola, uphononongo lokwenzeka, ukwakhiwa kweplanti kunye nokuveliswa komgodi wobhedu kuya kuthatha iminyaka eliqela.Nokuba ngaba kukho abatyali-mali abatsha, ukunikezelwa komgodi wobhedu akuyi kuchaphazeleka kwixesha eliphakathi nelifutshane.Ngenxa yezizathu zomjikelo, urhwebo olugqibeleleyo olukhuphisanayo lubonisa iimpawu zolawulo lwemonopoly olwenziwa ngezigaba, olunemo yazo zombini iimonopoly zendalo (ababoneleli abambalwa basebenza ngokufanelekileyo) kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo (izixhobo ezingundoqo ziphethwe ngamashishini ambalwa kunye norhulumente).

Ithiyori yezoqoqosho yemveli isixelela ukuba udlamko luzisa iingozi ezimbini.Okokuqala, ichaphazela ukulungiswa okuqhelekileyo kobudlelwane bokubonelela-imfuno.Phantsi kweempembelelo zokufuna irenti kunye ne-monopoly, isiphumo sihlala singaphantsi kunesiphumo esifunekayo kwibhalansi yokubonelela kunye nemfuno, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kokubonelela kunye nemfuno buye bugqwethiwe ixesha elide.Okwesibini, kukhokelela kutyalo-mali olunganelanga olusebenzayo.Amashishini okanye imibutho elawulwa yi-monopoly inokufumana izibonelelo ngokufuna irenti, nto leyo ethintela ukuphuculwa kwempumelelo kwaye yenza buthathaka umdla wokunyusa utyalo-mali kunye nokwandisa umthamo wemveliso.I-Central Bank yasePeru yabika ukuba isixa sotyalo-mali lwemigodi ePeru sehla ngenxa yempembelelo yoqhanqalazo loluntu.Kulo nyaka, inani lotyalo-mali lwezimayini ePeru lehla malunga ne-1%, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba lihle nge-15% ngo-2023. Imeko yaseChile iyafana nePeru.Ezinye iinkampani zemigodi ziye zalunqumamisa utyalo-mali lwazo lwemigodi eChile.

Injongo yokufuna irenti kukomeleza ukuziphatha kwe-monopoly, ukuphembelela amaxabiso kunye nenzuzo kuyo.Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphantsi, ngokuqinisekileyo ijongana nemiqobo ekhuphisana nayo.Ukususela kumbono wexesha elide kunye nokhuphiswano lwezemigodi yehlabathi, ixabiso litsalwa phezulu kunebhalansi yokubonelela kunye nemfuno (phantsi kwemeko yokhuphiswano olugqibeleleyo), olubonelela ngexabiso eliphezulu lenkuthazo kubavelisi abatsha.Ngokuphathelele ukunikezelwa kobhedu, imeko eqhelekileyo kukunyuka kwenkunzi kunye nemveliso ngabavukuzi baseTshayina.Ngokombono womjikelo wonke, kuya kubakho utshintsho olukhulu kumhlaba wokubonelela ngobhedu.

Imbonakalo yexabiso

Uqhanqalazo kuluntu lwamazwe aseMzantsi Melika lukhokelele ngokuthe ngqo ekwehleni kwemveliso yoxinaniso yobhedu kwimigodi yasekhaya.Ekupheleni kukaMeyi, ukuveliswa kwemigodi yobhedu kumazwe aseMzantsi Melika kuye kwehle ngeetoni ezingaphezu kwama-250000.Ngenxa yempembelelo yotyalo-mali olungonelanga, umthamo wemveliso wexesha eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide uye wathintelwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Umrhumo weCopper concentrate ngumahluko wexabiso phakathi komgodi wobhedu kunye nobhedu olusulungekileyo.Umrhumo wokucubungula ubhedu wehla ukusuka kwi-83.6 / t ephezulu ekupheleni kuka-Apreli ukuya kwi-$ 75.3 / t yakutshanje.Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umrhumo wokwenza umyinge wobhedu uye waphinda wavela kwixabiso eliphantsi lembali ngoMeyi 1 kunyaka ophelileyo.Ngeziganeko ezininzi ezichaphazela imveliso yomgodi wobhedu, umrhumo wokucubungula ubhedu uya kubuyela kwindawo ye-60 yeedola / itoni okanye nangaphantsi, ukucudisa indawo yenzuzo ye-smelter.Ukunqongophala okunxulumene nobhedu kunye nendawo yobhedu kuya kwandisa ixesha xa ixabiso lobhedu likuluhlu oluphezulu (ixabiso lobhedu laseShanghai lingaphezulu kwe-70000 yuan / ton).

Sijonge phambili kwindlela yexa elizayo yexabiso lekopolo, inkqubela-phambili yokuncipha koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye neyona meko yokwenyuka kwamaxabiso iseyeyona miba iphambili yexabiso lekopolo ngokwezigaba.Emva kokuba idatha ye-inflation yase-US yenyuka ngokukhawuleza kwakhona ngoJuni, imarike ilinde ingxelo ye-Fed malunga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqhubekayo.Isimo sengqondo "se-hawkish" se-Federal Reserve sinokubangela uxinzelelo lwexeshana kwixabiso lobhedu, kodwa ngokuhambelanayo, ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwe-asethi yase-US nako kuthintela inkqubo yesiqhelo yomgaqo-mali wase-US.